Epinephrine
/ Epinephrine, Adrenaclick, Adrenalin, Auvi-q, Citanest, Duranest, Epinephrine, Epinephrine /, Epipen, Lignospan, Marcaine, Neffy, Orabloc, Primatene Mist, Sensorcaine, Septocaine, Symjepi, Vivacaine, Xylocaine (epinephrine) is a small molecule pharmaceutical. Epinephrine was first approved as Sensorcaine on 1982-01-01. It is used to treat airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, bradycardia, bronchial spasm, and heart arrest amongst others in the USA. The pharmaceutical is active against alpha-1D adrenergic receptor and alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. In addition, it is known to target beta-2 adrenergic receptor, alpha-1A adrenergic receptor, alpha-2C adrenergic receptor, alpha-1B adrenergic receptor, beta-1 adrenergic receptor, beta-3 adrenergic receptor, carbonic anhydrase 1, and alpha-2B adrenergic receptor.
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Commercial
Trade Name
FDA
EMA
Adrenaclick, Adrenalin, Auvi-q, Epi, Epinephrine, Neffy, Primatene mist, Symjepi (discontinued: Adrenaclick, Bronitin mist, Bronkaid mist, Epi, Epinephrine, Medihaler-epi, Sus-phrine, Symjepi)
CombinationsBupivacaine epinephrine, Citanest, Lidocaine epinephrine, Lignospan, Lignospan standard, Marcaine w/ epinephrine, Orabloc, Prilocaine epinephrine, Sensorcaine, Septocaine, Vivacaine, Xylocaine w/ epinephrine (discontinued: Articaine epinephrine, Bupivacaine epinephrine, Citanest, Duranest, Iontocaine, Lidocaine epinephrine, Lidocaine w/ epinephrine, Lidosite topical system, Octocaine, Procaine w/ epinephrine, Xylocaine w/ epinephrine, Xylocaine with epinephrine)
Drug Products
FDA
EMA
New Drug Application (NDA)
New Drug Application (NDA)
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)
Epinephrine
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SYMJEPI | DMK Pharmaceuticals | N-207534 RX | 2017-06-15 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| PRIMATENE MIST | Armstrong Pharmaceuticals | N-205920 OTC | 2018-11-07 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| NEFFY | ARS PHARMS OPERATION | N-214697 RX | 2024-08-09 | 2 products, RLD, RS |
| EPINEPHRINE | BPI Labs | N-205029 RX | 2014-07-29 | 4 products, RLD, RS |
| ADRENALIN | Endo | N-204200 RX | 2012-12-07 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| ADRENALIN | Endo | N-204640 RX | 2013-12-18 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| ADRENALIN | Endo | N-215875 RX | 2023-04-21 | 5 products, RLD, RS |
| EPINEPHRINE | Fresenius Kabi | N-215425 RX | 2025-03-13 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| EPINEPHRINE | Hospira | N-209359 RX | 2019-11-05 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| ADRENACLICK | Impax Laboratories | N-020800 RX | 2009-11-25 | 2 products, RLD, RS |
Show 4 marketed
Show 8 discontinued
Prilocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CITANEST | AstraZeneca | N-014763 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 3 products, RLD |
| CITANEST PLAIN | AstraZeneca | N-014763 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD |
Hide discontinued
Epinephrine bitartrate
+
Prilocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CITANEST FORTE DENTAL | Dentsply Pharmaceutical | N-021383 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
Show 1 discontinued
Etidocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DURANEST | AstraZeneca | N-017751 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 2 products, RLD |
Hide discontinued
Epinephrine
+
Etidocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DURANEST | AstraZeneca | N-017751 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD |
Hide discontinued
Epinephrine bitartrate
+
Etidocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DURANEST | AstraZeneca | N-017751 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 2 products, RLD |
| DURANEST | Dentsply Pharmaceutical | N-021384 DISCN | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD |
Hide discontinued
Lidocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XYLOCAINE | Fresenius Kabi | N-006488 RX | 1982-01-01 | 4 products, RLD, RS |
Show 1 discontinued
Epinephrine
+
Lidocaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| XYLOCAINE W/ EPINEPHRINE | Fresenius Kabi | N-006488 RX | 1982-01-01 | 6 products, RLD, RS |
Show 6 discontinued
Epinephrine bitartrate
Bupivacaine hydrochloride
+
Epinephrine bitartrate
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SENSORCAINE | Fresenius Kabi | N-018304 RX | 1983-09-02 | 2 products, RLD |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE W/ EPINEPHRINE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE W/ EPINEPHRINE PRESERVATIVE FREE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE W/ EPINEPHRINE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE W/ EPINEPHRINE PRESERVATIVE FREE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 2 products, RLD, RS |
Show 1 discontinued
Bupivacaine hydrochloride
Tradename | Company | Number | Date | Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SENSORCAINE | Fresenius Kabi | N-018304 RX | 1982-01-01 | 3 products, RLD |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE PRESERVATIVE FREE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 1 products, RLD, RS |
| MARCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE PRESERVATIVE FREE | Hospira | N-016964 RX | 1982-01-01 | 2 products, RLD, RS |
Labels
FDA
EMA
Brand Name | Status | Last Update |
|---|---|---|
| adrenalin | New Drug Application | 2026-01-21 |
| adrenalin (epinephrine in sodium chloride) | New Drug Application | 2025-10-15 |
| adrenalin (epinephrine) | New Drug Application | 2024-02-22 |
| adrenalin vials | New Drug Application | 2026-01-12 |
| adrenalin(r) | New Drug Application | 2022-12-09 |
| anti bacterial hand gel | C200263 | 2025-12-16 |
| articadent | NDA authorized generic | 2024-03-01 |
| articaine | NDA authorized generic | 2024-03-06 |
| articaine hcl and epinephrine | NDA authorized generic | 2023-01-14 |
| articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine | NDA authorized generic | 2024-11-18 |
Show 65 more
Indications
FDA
EMA
Show 10 more
Agency Specific
FDA
EMA
No data
Patent Expiration
Patent | Expires | Flag | FDA Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epinephrine, Adrenalin, Par Sterile Products | |||
| 10653646 | 2039-03-21 | DP | |
| 11083698 | 2039-03-21 | U-3567 | |
| 11207280 | 2039-03-21 | DP | |
| 9119876 | 2035-03-13 | DP | |
| 9295657 | 2035-03-13 | U-1829 | |
| 10130592 | 2035-03-13 | DP | |
| Epinephrine, Auvi-Q, Kaleo Inc | |||
| 10688244 | 2037-12-21 | DP | U-2980 |
| 10842938 | 2037-12-21 | DP | U-2980 |
| 11771830 | 2037-12-21 | DP | U-2980 |
| 8021344 | 2029-11-02 | DP | |
| 8226610 | 2029-04-10 | DP | |
| 8231573 | 2028-11-25 | DP | |
| 7947017 | 2028-03-12 | DP | |
| 8206360 | 2027-02-27 | DP | |
| 11590286 | 2026-12-12 | DP | |
| 10335549 | 2025-04-30 | DP | |
| 8313466 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 8361029 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 8425462 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 8608698 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 9737669 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 9833573 | 2024-11-23 | U-2172 | |
| 10314977 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| 10737028 | 2024-11-23 | DP | |
| Epinephrine, Symjepi, Adamis Pharms Corp | |||
| 11141540 | 2036-10-20 | DP | U-3379 |
| Epinephrine, Epinephrine, Bpi Labs | |||
| 9283197 | 2034-08-15 | DP | U-1828, U-1829, U-1830 |
| 10004700 | 2034-08-14 | DP | U-2325 |
| 10039728 | 2034-08-14 | U-1828 | |
| Epinephrine, Primatene Mist, Armstrong Pharms | |||
| 8367734 | 2026-01-26 | DP | |
| Epinephrine, Epi E Z Pen Jr, Mylan Speciality Lp | |||
| 7449012 | 2025-09-11 | DP | |
| 7794432 | 2025-09-11 | DP | |
| 8048035 | 2025-09-11 | DP | |
| 8870827 | 2025-09-11 | DP | |
| 9586010 | 2025-09-11 | DP | |
ATC Codes
A: Alimentary tract and metabolism drugs
— A01: Stomatological preparations
— A01A: Stomatological preparations
— A01AD: Other agents for local oral treatment in atc
— A01AD01: Epinephrine
B: Blood and blood forming organ drugs
— B02: Antihemorrhagics
— B02B: Vitamin k and other hemostatics
— B02BC: Local hemostatics
— B02BC09: Epinephrine
C: Cardiovascular system drugs
— C01: Cardiac therapy drugs
— C01C: Cardiac stimulants excl. cardiac glycosides
— C01CA: Adrenergic and dopaminergic cardiac stimulants
— C01CA24: Epinephrine
R: Respiratory system drugs
— R01: Nasal preparations
— R01A: Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use
— R01AA: Sympathomimetics, plain
— R01AA14: Epinephrine
— R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases
— R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants
— R03AA: Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonist inhalants
— R03AA01: Epinephrine
— R03AK: Adrenergics inhalants in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
— R03AK01: Epinephrine and other drugs for obstructive airway diseases
S: Sensory organ drugs
— S01: Ophthalmologicals
— S01E: Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics
— S01EA: Sympathomimetics in glaucoma therapy
— S01EA01: Epinephrine
— S01EA51: Epinephrine, combinations
HCPCS
Code | Description |
|---|---|
| J0171 | Injection, adrenalin, epinephrine, 0.1 mg |
Clinical
Clinical Trials
3708 clinical trials
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Indications Phases 4
Indication | MeSH | Ontology | ICD-10 | Ph 1 | Ph 2 | Ph 3 | Ph 4 | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative pain | D010149 | — | G89.18 | 14 | 34 | 11 | 69 | 140 | 261 |
| Adrenal insufficiency | D000309 | — | — | 7 | 9 | 12 | 20 | 71 | 116 |
| Pain | D010146 | EFO_0003843 | R52 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 33 | 56 | 113 |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | D000312 | — | E25.0 | 9 | 27 | 11 | 3 | 43 | 86 |
| Osteoarthritis | D010003 | EFO_0002506 | M15-M19 | 10 | 6 | 15 | 22 | 38 | 85 |
| Knee osteoarthritis | D020370 | EFO_0004616 | M17 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 23 | 35 | 80 |
| Local anesthesia | D000772 | — | — | 5 | 7 | 7 | 19 | 44 | 80 |
| Hyperaldosteronism | D006929 | — | E26 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 68 | 78 |
| Precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia-lymphoma | D054198 | — | C91.0 | 12 | 32 | 16 | 3 | 6 | 62 |
| Hemorrhage | D006470 | MP_0001914 | R58 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 42 | 61 |
Show 483 more
Indications Phases 3
Indication | MeSH | Ontology | ICD-10 | Ph 1 | Ph 2 | Ph 3 | Ph 4 | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostatic neoplasms | D011471 | — | C61 | 8 | 17 | 9 | — | 8 | 38 |
| Lymphoma | D008223 | — | C85.9 | 8 | 23 | 7 | — | 1 | 33 |
| Lung neoplasms | D008175 | — | C34.90 | 4 | 7 | 1 | — | 16 | 26 |
| Carcinoma | D002277 | — | C80.0 | 4 | 12 | 2 | — | 10 | 25 |
| Adrenal gland diseases | D000307 | — | E27.9 | 2 | 3 | 1 | — | 12 | 18 |
| Chronic pain | D059350 | — | — | — | 1 | 2 | — | 14 | 17 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | D003924 | EFO_0001360 | E11 | 3 | 3 | 3 | — | 8 | 17 |
| Postoperative complications | D011183 | — | — | 2 | 2 | 2 | — | 11 | 16 |
| Premature birth | D047928 | EFO_0003917 | O60 | 1 | 2 | 3 | — | 10 | 16 |
| Non-hodgkin lymphoma | D008228 | — | C85.9 | 6 | 10 | 2 | — | 1 | 15 |
Show 228 more
Indications Phases 2
Indication | MeSH | Ontology | ICD-10 | Ph 1 | Ph 2 | Ph 3 | Ph 4 | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenocortical carcinoma | D018268 | — | — | 6 | 16 | — | — | 14 | 34 |
| Pheochromocytoma | D010673 | — | — | 2 | 2 | — | — | 17 | 20 |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | D003922 | EFO_0001359 | E10 | 6 | 2 | — | — | 12 | 20 |
| Adrenal rest tumor | D000314 | EFO_1000798 | — | 2 | 1 | — | — | 14 | 16 |
| Insulin resistance | D007333 | EFO_0002614 | E88.819 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 11 | 14 |
| Liver neoplasms | D008113 | EFO_1001513 | C22.0 | 1 | 5 | — | — | 5 | 11 |
| Multiple myeloma | D009101 | — | C90.0 | 3 | 10 | — | — | — | 10 |
| Hyperandrogenism | D017588 | — | — | 4 | 1 | — | — | 4 | 9 |
| Hematologic neoplasms | D019337 | — | — | 2 | 5 | — | — | 1 | 8 |
| Skin neoplasms | D012878 | EFO_0004198 | C44 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 3 | 7 |
Show 221 more
Indications Phases 1
Indication | MeSH | Ontology | ICD-10 | Ph 1 | Ph 2 | Ph 3 | Ph 4 | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atrophy | D001284 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 4 | 5 |
| Blood pressure | D001794 | EFO_0004325 | — | 2 | — | — | — | 3 | 5 |
| Basal cell neoplasms | D018295 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 4 | 5 |
| Congenital abnormalities | D000013 | EFO_0003915 | Q89.9 | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | 4 |
| Sleep deprivation | D012892 | — | F51.12 | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | 4 |
| Chronic hepatitis b | D019694 | EFO_0004239 | B18.1 | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | 4 |
| Vitiligo | D014820 | EFO_0004208 | L80 | 1 | — | — | — | 3 | 4 |
| Macular degeneration | D008268 | EFO_0001365 | H35.30 | 2 | — | — | — | 1 | 3 |
| Heart rate | D006339 | EFO_0004326 | — | 1 | — | — | — | 2 | 3 |
| Psychomotor agitation | D011595 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 2 | 3 |
Show 57 more
Indications Without Phase
Indication | MeSH | Ontology | ICD-10 | Ph 1 | Ph 2 | Ph 3 | Ph 4 | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enuresis | D004775 | — | R32 | — | — | — | — | 8 | 8 |
| Epidural analgesia | D015360 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 6 |
| Adrenalectomy | D000315 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 6 |
| Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders | D007319 | — | F51.01 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Glaucoma | D005901 | EFO_0000516 | H40 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | D020181 | EFO_0003918 | G47.33 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Basal cell carcinoma | D002280 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Wound healing | D014945 | GO_0042060 | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Pilonidal sinus | D010864 | — | L05 | — | — | — | — | 5 | 5 |
| Eosinophilic esophagitis | D057765 | EFO_0004232 | K20.0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 4 |
Show 491 more
Epidemiology
Epidemiological information for investigational and approved indications
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Drug
General
| Drug common name | Epinephrine |
| INN | epinephrine |
| Description | (R)-adrenaline is the R-enantiomer of adrenaline. It is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands resulting in the 'fight-or-flight' response. It has a role as a hormone, an adrenergic agonist, a vasodilator agent, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, a bronchodilator agent, a vasoconstrictor agent, a beta-adrenergic agonist, a sympathomimetic agent, a mydriatic agent and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a (R)-adrenaline(1+). It is an enantiomer of a (S)-adrenaline. |
| Classification | Small molecule |
| Drug class | Adrenergic receptor agonist; Sympathomimetic |
| Image (chem structure or protein) |  |
| Structure (InChI/SMILES or Protein Sequence) | CNC[C@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 |
Identifiers
| PDB | — |
| CAS-ID | 51-43-4 |
| RxCUI | — |
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL679 |
| ChEBI ID | 28918 |
| PubChem CID | 5816 |
| DrugBank | DB00668 |
| UNII ID | YKH834O4BH (ChemIDplus, GSRS) |
Target
Agency Approved
ADRA1D
ADRA1D
Organism
Homo sapiens
Gene name
ADRA1D
Gene synonyms
ADRA1A
NCBI Gene ID
Protein name
alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Protein synonyms
adrenergic, alpha -1D-, receptor, adrenergic, alpha-1A-, receptor, Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor, Alpha-1D adrenoceptor, Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor, Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a
Uniprot ID
Mouse ortholog
Adra1d (11550)
alpha-1D adrenergic receptor (P97714)
Variants
No data
Financial
Revenue by drug
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Epipen – Viatris
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Epipen – Pfizer
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Lidocaine – Amneal Pharmaceuticals
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Lidocaine – Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
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Primatene mist – Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
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Epinephrine – Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
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Epinephrine – Viatris
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Estimated US medical usage
Epinephrine
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Chlorpheniramine
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Epinephrine
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Epinephrine
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Pilocarpine
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Trends
PubMed Central
Top Terms for Disease or Syndrome:
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Additional graphs summarizing 4,299 documents
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Safety
Black-box Warning
Black-box warning for: Bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine, Bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine, Marcaine marcaine with epinephrine, Marcaine with epinephrine, Sensorcaine sensorcaine, Sensorcaine sensorcaine-mpf sensorcaine-mpf, Sensorcaine(r) (bupivacaine hci and epinephrine)
Adverse Events
Top Adverse Reactions
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29,380 adverse events reported
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